More of this Feature • Introduction • Income Statement • Revenue / sales • Cost of Goods Sold • Gross profit • Gross margin • The first three lines • Operating Expenses • R&D Expense • SG&A Expense • Goodwill Charges • Extraordinary Events • Accounting for extraordinary events • Oper. income/margin • Interest income and expense • Interest coverage ratio • Depreciation expense • Accum. Depreciation • Straight-line Method • Accelerated and Sum of the Years' Digits Method • Dbl Declining Balance • Comparing Depr. Mths • EBITDA • Income taxes • Minority Interests - cost, equity, and consolidated methods • Unreported earnings • Continuing operations • Accounting changes • Preferred dividends • Net income applicable to common shares • Net profit margin • Basic vs. Diluted EPS • Hiding share dilution • Share repurchases • Return on Equity- ROE • Asset turnover • Return on Assets- ROA • Projecting earnings • Formulas & Calculations • Putting it together • Segment 2

Related Resources • Investing Lesson 1 • Investing Lesson 2 • Investing Lesson 3 • More Lessons

From Other Guides • Treasury Stock from Share Repurchases on the Balance Sheet • Four Things to Look for in an Investment - Including Stock Buybacks

Elsewhere on the Web • Stock and Share Repurchase Plans • Share Repurchases • The Low Down on Stock Buybacks • The Online Investor and Share Repurchases and Stock Buybacks

Share Repurchase Programs
Just as stock options, warrants, and convertible preferred issues can dilute your ownership in a company, share repurchase plans can increase your ownership by reducing the number of shares outstanding. Below is a reprint of an article I published on June 4, 2001.

Stock Buybacks - The Golden Egg of Shareholder Value
"Overall growth is not nearly as important as growth per share…"

All investors have no doubt heard of corporations authorizing share buyback programs. Even if you don't know what they are or how they work, you at least understand that they are a good thing [in most situations]. Here are three important truths about these programs - and most importantly, how they make your portfolio grow.

Principle 1: Overall Growth is not nearly as important as Growth per Share

Too often, you'll hear leading financial publications and broadcast talking about the overall growth rate of a company. While this number is very important in the long run, it is not the all-important factor in deciding how fast your equity in the company will grow. Growth per share is.

A simplified example may help. Let's look at a fictional company:

Eggshell Candies, Inc.
$50 per share
100,000 shares outstanding
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Market Capitalization: $5,000,000

This year, the company made a profit of $1 million dollars.
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In this example, each share equals .001% of ownership in the company. [100% divided by 100,000 shares.]

Management is upset by the company's performance because it sold the exact same amount of candy this year as it did last year. That means the growth rate is 0%! The executives want to do something to make the shareholders money because of the disappointing performance this year, so one of them suggests a stock buyback program. The others immediately agree; the company will use the $1 million profit it made this year to buy stock in itself.

The very next day, the CEO goes and takes the $1 million dollars out of the bank and buys 20,000 shares of stock in his company. [Remember it is trading at $50 a share according to the information above.] Immediately, he takes them to the Board of Directors, and they vote to destroy those shares so that they no longer exist. This means that now there are only 80,000 shares of Eggshell Candies in existence [instead of the original 100,000].

What does that mean to you? Well, each share you own no longer represents .001% of the company... it represents .00125% of the company... that's a 25% increase in value per share! The next day you wake up and find out that your stock in Eggshell is now worth $62.50 per share instead of $50. Even though the company didn't grow this year, you still made a twenty five percent increase on your investment! This leads to the second principle.

Principle 2: When a company reduces the amount of shares outstanding, each of your shares becomes more valuable and represents a greater percentage of equity in the company.

If a shareholder-friendly management such as this one is kept in place, it is possible that someday there may only be 5 shares of the company, each worth one million dollars. When putting together your portfolio, you should seek out businesses that engage in these sort of pro-shareholder practices and hold on to them as long as the fundamentals remain sound. One of the best examples is the Washington Post, which was at one time only $5 to $10 a share. It has traded as high as $650 in recent months. That is long term value!

Principle 3: Stock Buybacks are not good if the company pays too much for its own stock!

Even though buybacks can be huge sources of long-term profit for investors, they are actually harmful if a company pays more for its stock than it is worth. In an overpriced market, it would be foolish for management to purchase equity at all [even in itself].
Instead, the company should put the money into assets that can be easily converted back into cash. This way, when the market swung the other way and is trading below its true value, shares of the company can be bought back up at a discount - giving shareholders maximum benefit.

Remember, "even the best investment in the world isn't a good investment if you pay too much for it".

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