How asset placement works
What matters in investing is the compound annual after-tax, inflation-adjusted return an investor earns on his capital. Read that sentence again: after-tax. Those of you familiar with the time value of money equations know that seemingly small-amounts can add up to significant piles of cash if left alone. Every time a portion of your returns gets siphoned off to Uncle Sam, the future value of the asset is greatly diminished because not only have you lost the money itself, you have lose all of the profit that could have been earned by investing that money.Asset placement works because different types of investments receive different tax treatment. Depending upon the length of time an asset is held, for example, income arising from capital gains is taxed at significantly lower rates than dividends and bond interest. In the cases of higher-income households, the tax on the latter type of income can sometimes reach as high as 35%. Thus, by simply placing all of his high-yielding stocks and corporate bonds in his tax-advantaged accounts, an investor can immediately realize significant tax savings that can sometimes amount to tens of thousand of dollars a year and, ultimately, millions more in assets over the course of a successful investment lifetime.
A simple example of how asset placement can save you money
Imagine you have a portfolio valued at $100,000. Half of your assets, or $50,000, consists of bonds earning 8% which generate $4,000 per year in interest income. Twenty-five percent of the portfolio, or $25,000, consists of common stock with high dividends that generate $1,000 per year. The remaining twenty-five percent, or $25,000, consists of common stocks that pay no dividends.In this scenario, an investor in the 35% tax bracket would immediately save $1,750 per year by placing the high-yielding stocks and corporate bonds in his tax-advantaged accounts. It makes no sense for him to place his non-dividend paying shares in such an account because he is not going to pay taxes on the profit until he elects to sell the investment; even then, he will be taxed at a rate fully half of what he would have paid otherwise!
A Guide to Asset Placement
Generally speaking, here are some guidelines for choosing a home for your investments:Assets that should be placed in tax-advantaged accounts (401k, IRA, etc.):
- High-yielding common stocks with long histories of dividend payouts
- Corporate bonds
- Risk arbitrage transactions
- Shares of real estate investment trusts (REITs)
Assets that should be placed in regular, non-tax advantaged accounts (brokerage, direct-stock ownership, etc.):
- Common stocks with little or no dividend payouts that you expect to hold for more than a year
- Tax-free municipal bonds
